The Japanese team found deep-sea mud containing high concentrations of rare-earth elements and yttrium at numerous sites throughout the south-eastern and north-central parts of the Pacific Ocean, the journal said in its online edition over the weekend.
"We estimate that an area of just one square kilometre [0.39 square mile], surrounding one of the sampling sites, could provide one-fifth of the current annual world consumption of these elements," team leader Yasuhiro Kato, an associate professor of earth sciences at Tokyo University, said in the report.
Rare-earth minerals are used in a variety of high-technology products such as electronics, magnets and batteries used in hybrid automobiles and mobile phones. The minerals are recoverable from the mud by acid leaching, making deep-sea mud a highly promising and potentially huge resource for these elements.
The Japanese team estimated the size of the discovery at around 80 billion to 100 billion metric tons (88 billion to 101 billion short tons), nearly a thousand times more than current proven reserves of 110 million tons as estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey. Those proven reserves are mostly in China, Russia and the U.S. But China is by far the biggest miner of rare-earth minerals on a commercial scale, making it a dominant supplier with around 95% of the global market. Recent moves by Beijing to restrict exports of rare-earth materials have pushed prices of these minerals up around tenfold from a year ago, spurring searches for alternative sources of supply. Chinese exports of rare-earth materials in the first five months of this year fell 8.8% from a year earlier, while revenue from those exports more than tripled to $1.6 billion.
The commercial viability of mining the minerals from the Pacific remains a question. "Accessing the treasure trove of key elements on the ocean floor will be very expensive and potentially harmful to sea-floor ecology," Nature Geoscience said in a related article. The lower concentrations at Chinese mines are economically viable because the material is easier to access. "That is not true for mud located below four or five kilometers [2.5 or three miles] of water, which would require expensive ship time and equipment to pull up," Gareth Hatch, a founder of the Technology Metals Research consulting firm in Carpentersville, Ill., told the journal. "People talk about mining on the asteroids or the moon. This isn't that hard, but it's similar," Mr. Hatch said. "There are better options."
Other industry specialists expressed skepticism that the discovery would lead to lower prices for rare-earth minerals soon. An official with a Japanese rare-metal trading house said that commercialization could take up to 20 years. "We knew before there were likely such resources on the sea floor, and we still face the challenges of how the mining rights would be divvied up and how the technological issues would be resolved," the official said. World production of rare-earth metals is around 110,000 metric tons a year. Despite their name, the minerals are not particularly rare, with the British Geological Survey identifying 53 separate deposits around the world, of which just half a dozen are either in production or development.
Some deposits are considerably larger than those identified by the Japanese team. A 0.39 square mile section of ocean floor near Hawaii containing 25,000 tons of rare-earth elements is dwarfed by Lynas Corporation Ltd.'s Mount Weld deposit in Western Australia, which contains 1.4 million metric tons of rare-earth oxides in a comparable area.
Nautilus Minerals Inc. says deep-sea mining needn't be significantly more difficult than work currently undertaken by offshore petroleum companies and undersea cable operators. Nautilus hopes to start mining copper from 1,600 meters, or about a mile, below the surface in the Bismarck Sea, off the coast of Papua New Guinea, starting at the end of 2013. "The technology we're developing is an adaptation of existing technologies. We're not remaking the wheel here," said Joe Dowling, a company spokesman in Brisbane, Australia. Mining at the depths of the rare-earth-mineral discoveries would present "different challenges," he said. But the improved grade of many undersea deposits offsets such difficulties, he said.
Since the early 1970s, several companies have investigated underwater mining in the Pacific of manganese nodules—highly mineralized, slow-growing pebbles found on parts of the sea floor.
Diamond Fields International Ltd. has extracted about 158,200 carats of diamonds from the sea of the coast of Namibia since 2005 and plans to mine zinc and copper from the floor of the Red Sea, off the coast of Saudi Arabia.
-- David Fickling in Sydney contributed to this article.
Write to Denny Kurien at denny.kurien@dowjones.com
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